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science facts

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  • Skin Facts

    Skin is the human body’s largest organ (an organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform functions in your body, others include your brain, heart and lungs).

  • Your skin performs a range of different functions which include physically protecting your bones, muscles and internal organs, protecting your body from outside diseases, allowing you to feel and react to heat and cold and using blood to regulate your body heat.
 
  • The layers of mammal skin include the epidermis, dermis and subcutis.
  • The outer layer of your skin is the epidermis, it is found thickest on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet (around 1.5mm thick).
 
  • he subcutis (or hypodermis) is the deepest layer of your skin, as well as storing fat, it also contains blood vessels, hair follicle roots and nerves.
  • If skin is severely damaged then it may try to heal by forming scar tissue. Scar tissue is not the same as normal skin tissue, it often appears discolored and lacks sweat glands and hair.
 
  • The color of human skin depends on the amount of pigment melanin that the body produces. Small amounts of melanin result in light skin while large amounts result in dark skin.
  • Areas that experience repeated friction or pressure can form tough, thick skin known as a callus. Common examples of calluses can be seen on the hands of tennis players and the fingertips of guitarists.
 
  • A large amount of the dust in you home is actually dead skin.
  • All mammals have some hair on their skin, even if it isn’t easy for you to see.
  • Rhinoceros’s are protected by thick skin which can be between 1.5cm and 5cm deep.
 
  • Although polar bears have both white and transparent (see through) fur, their skin is actually black.
  • Amphibians such as frogs have unique skin. Rather than drinking water, frogs actually soak it into their body through their skin. They also use their skin to absorb around half the air they need.
 
  • Snakes have smooth, dry skin.
  • A number of different sea creatures, such as sea lice and barnacles, attach themselves to the skin of whales, making it their home.
  • Some fruits and vegetables are known to have ‘skins’, these include bananas, oranges, apples and potatoes.
 
Lung Facts


  • The primary functions of your lungs are to transport oxygen from the air you breathe into your bloodstream while taking away carbon dioxide, which is released into the air when you breathe out.
  • Most vertebrate animals (animals with spines) have two lungs.
 
  • our left and right lungs aren’t exactly the same. The lung on the left side of your body is divided into two lobes while the lung on your right side is divided into three. The left lung is also slightly smaller, allowing room for your heart.
  • Can you live without one lung? Yes you can, it limits your physical ability but doesn’t stop you from living a relatively normal life. Many people around the world live with just one lung.
 
  • People who have a large lung capacity can send oxygen around their body faster. You can increase you lung capacity with regular exercise.
  • When resting, the average adult breathes around 12 to 20 times a minute.
 
  • An average person breathes in around 11,000 litres of air every day.
  • The study of lung diseases is known as pulmonology.
 
  • As well as other parts of your body and your general health, smoking is bad for your lungs. Smoking can cause lung cancer among other lung affecting diseases.
  • Asthma is a common disease that affects the lungs. Asthma attacks happen when your airways narrow after being irritated. The narrow airways make it hard for you to breathe in air.
 
  • Pneumonia is a dangerous disease that makes it harder for your lungs to absorb oxygen from the air you breathe.
  • Other lung diseases include emphysema, tuberculosis and bronchitis.
 
Eye Facts


  • Eyes detect light and allow us to see.
  • The information our eyes receive is sent to our brain along the optic nerve. This information is then processed by our brain and helps us make appropriate decisions, for example if you can see an object flying in your direction then you will probably move quickly out of the way
 
  • Around 95% of animals have eyes. Some are very simple, just picking up light and dark conditions while others are more complex, allowing for the recognition of shapes, color and depth.
  • Like humans, some animals have eyes placed close together that allow for improved depth perception, others have eyes spread further apart (often on opposite sides of their head, as in horses) to allow for a greater field of view and an early warning against potential predators.
 
  • The light sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of your eye is known as the retina, acting in a similar way to film in a traditional camera.
  • Cone cells in the retina detect color while rod cells detect low light contrasts.
 
  • The part of the eye that allows us to focus on different things in known as the lens, it changes shapes so we can focus on objects at various distances.
  • The cornea is the transparent covering of the iris and pupil, along with the lens it refracts light so it can be projected onto the retina.
 
  • The central opening of your eye is known as the pupil, it changes size depending on the amount of light.
  • The colored area around the pupil is called the iris, it controls the size of the pupil and can be colored brown, blue, green or other colors and shades depending on the person.
 
  • Scientists believe that animal eyes evolved around 500 million years ago, beginning in simple form (perhaps just distinguishing light and dark) but giving a distinct advantage. This advantage led to eyes evolving quickly amongst animals (by evolutionary standards) as those without the ability to see struggled to survive against those that could.
  • Throughout the animal kingdom there are many different types of eyes, for example the human eye is very different to the compound eye of a fly which is better at detecting fast movements.
 
  • Human eyes contain a small blind spot where the optic nerve passes through the retina. Our brains use information from the other eye to fill in the vision gap so it is rarely, if ever, noticed.
  • Glasses and other protective equipment are often worn by humans to protect the eyes from UV rays or during various dangerous activities such as welding.
  • Glasses and contact lenses are worn to correct common sight conditions such as short and long sightedness.
 
  • Teeth are used to help break down food.
  • Humans form 2 sets of teeth over the course of their lives.
 
  • The first set (sometimes called baby teeth) features 20 teeth.
  • The second set (sometimes called adult teeth) features 32 teeth.
 
  • Baby teeth are usually replaced by adult teeth between the ages of 6 and 12.
  • Humans have a variety of teeth including molars, premolars, canines and incisors.
 
  • Incisors help bite pieces from food.
  • Canines help hold and tear food apart.
 
  • Molars help grind food.
  • Teeth are covered in a hard substance called enamel.
 
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