[FONT="]The Unit Measurements[/FONT][FONT="] starts from
Paramãnu, (
Munindm nayanotpreshkyah paramanuriti smritah) .This paramãnu is visable only to Yogins and Rishis. It is floating Atom penetrating through a copper cone of Sun-beam as light enters through a gap in the Gopura. The magnitude of Paramãnu is called Parimandalaya in the Nyaya Vaiseshika, which is in the Sphercal in shape
.[FONT="][1][/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]The table[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]One paramanu : 1/ 1,000,000 to 1/349,525 of an inch
[FONT="][2][/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT="]One paramanu : 1/44000 English Angula[/FONT]
[FONT="]8 Paramanus : one ratha renu or a dust[/FONT]
[FONT="]1 Paramanu : 4/3 X 33 X 2 - 63 Of a Cu.inch
[FONT="][3][/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT="]1 Sunraysdust : 1/ 349529 of an inch or 3 X 2 -20 of an inch
[FONT="][4][/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT="]8 Ratha renu : 1 Valagra or sika or hair point[/FONT]
[FONT="]8 Valagra : 1 louse or yuka or Lishma[/FONT]
[FONT="]8 Yuka : 1 Yava or one wheat grain[/FONT]
[FONT="]6 Yava : 3 sami leaves or one kanishtangula[/FONT]
[FONT="]7 [/FONT][FONT="]Yava : 3.5 Sami leaves or one Madyamangula[/FONT]
[FONT="]8 Yavas 4 Sami leaves: 4 Sami Leaves or one poorana Angula [/FONT]
[FONT="]12 pooranangula : 1 Vidasthi[/FONT]
[FONT="]2 Vidasthi : 1 Hasta or Cubit[/FONT]
[FONT="]4 Hasta : 1 danda[/FONT]
[FONT="]8 danda : 1 Rajju or Rope[/FONT]
[FONT="]24 Angula : one Child hand (Sisu Hastha) or lesser cubit[/FONT]
[FONT="]25 Angula : 1 Prajapatya hasta[/FONT]
[FONT="]26 Angula : one dhanur Mushti or the grasp of a bow[/FONT]
[FONT="]27 Angula : One dhanur graha or handle of a bow.
[FONT="][5][/FONT] [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] This can be read in Kamikagama as a sloka or a poem.[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] Indian mathematicians worked with add up to of the sort of billions, even conceiving of infinity as a unit.[/FONT]
[FONT="] The smallest measure of time mentioned by the Indian Vedas and astronomers is the triti, 1/33750 of a second!. This unit of time required for the passing of Sun over an atomic object is mathematically calculated in the siddhantha siromani to be 17,496,000,000 paramãnus
[FONT="][6][/FONT].[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] To achieve accuracy in calculation, the span of a day was converted in to smallest atoms of time. A day is conceived of as lasting for 86,400 seconds and is further divided in to 46, 656,000,000 moments; a number arrived by the following method.[/FONT]
[FONT="]1 day = 60 Gatikas; I gatika = 60 Vig gatika; 1 Vig Gatika = 60 lipta; 1 Lipta= 60 vilipta; 1 Vilipta= 60 Para; 1 para= 60 tatpara; One day = 46,656,000,000 tatpara or moments
.[FONT="][7][/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]The wave length of ultra violet rays ranges from 200nm to 780nm
[FONT="][8][/FONT] (1 nm=10--9 m)[/FONT]
[FONT="]Air Chemistry[/FONT]
[FONT="]Content of the air in dry atmosphere[FONT="][9][/FONT][/FONT]
[FONT="]Nitrogen[/FONT]
[FONT="]0.78[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Oxygen[/FONT]
[FONT="]0.21±6X10-5[/FONT]
[FONT="]Argon[/FONT]
[FONT="]9.34X10-3[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Carbondioxide[/FONT]
[FONT="]32.5X10-4[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Neon[/FONT]
[FONT="]1.818X10-5[/FONT]
[FONT="]Helium[/FONT]
[FONT="]5.24X10-6[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Methane[/FONT]
[FONT="]1.2-2.0X10-6[/FONT]
[FONT="]Krypton[/FONT]
[FONT="]1.14X10-6[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Hydrogen[/FONT]
[FONT="]5X10-7[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Xeno[/FONT]
[FONT="]8.7X10-8[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Carbon Monooxide[/FONT]
[FONT="]8*10-8-5X10-7[/FONT]
[FONT="]Nitrous oxide[/FONT]
[FONT="]2-4X10-7[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Sulphur dioxide[/FONT]
[FONT="]7X10-9[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]nitric oxide[/FONT]
[FONT="]10-8-10-6[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Nitogen Di Oxide[/FONT]
[FONT="]10-8-10-6[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Formaldelyde[/FONT]
[FONT="]10-7-10-6[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Ammonia[/FONT]
[FONT="]10-6[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Ozone[/FONT]
[FONT="]0-5X10-8[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]The five principal nitrogen-containing gases in the atmosphere are nitrogen (N2), ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Other oxides, such as NO3, N2O3, N2O4, and N2O5, may be important as reaction intermediates; however, their formation is not favored at the low partial pressures generally observed for the simple oxides), Nitrogen is found in the condensed phase as ammonium ion (NH4+) and nitrate ion (NO3). Significant concentrations of organic nitrates have also been observed in urban atmospheres.
[FONT="][10][/FONT] [/FONT]
[FONT="] Nitrogen gas (N2) has large bond energy and is generally inert with respect to ordinary troposphere processes. Although some bacteria are capable of producing nitrogen compounds from nitrogen, the fraction of the total global nitrogen pool involved in such reactions in a given year is very small. Ammonia is widely distributed in the atmosphere both as NH3 in the gas phase and as NH4+ in aerosols, clouds, and rainwater. [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] The oceans contain organisms capable of producing ammonia from nitrates and may trail de ammunition of protein and by fixation of oxides of nitrogen in the soil. Ammonia gas is a weak base and therefore its solubility in rainwater as well as its release from soils or ground water is sensitive functions of pH. [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] Nitrous oxide is a comparatively inert compound with respect to troposphere chemical process and is distributed uniformly throughout the atmosphere. Many soils contained bacteria capable of producing N2O from either NH4+ or NO3-. LaHue et al. (1970) observed concentrations at a number of sites in Panama closely grouped around 0.26 ppm; no statistically significant seasonal trends were absorbed.. Schutz et al.(1970) examined the seasonal dependence at a continental site and found that the nitrous oxide concentration was remarkably independent of wind direction. Their data also suggested that the mixing ratio was independent of height in the troposphere.[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] The nitrous oxide cycle appears to have an interface with the cycles of other nitrogen compounds at the surface of the earth, where most of it is produced and decomposed, and near the tropopause, which acts as a sink. At higher altitudes, the ultraviolet light intensity increases and at wavelengths shorter than340 nm, nitrous oxide is photolyzed to form N2 and O, or NO and N, depending on the energy of the photon absorbed. An average concentration of 0.25ppm for N2O yields 2000 Tg for the amount of N2Oin the atmosphere
[FONT="][11][/FONT]. [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]Nitric Oxide and Lungs [/FONT]
[FONT="] Inhaled NO at higher levels can cause methemoglobinemia and pulmonary oedema. Nitric oxide is rapidly inactivated by hemoglobin because of high affinity. The inhaled NO can act as a selective pulmonary vasodilator without systemic effects in view of its short half life and high affinity to hemoglobin, is also capable of dilating bronchial vessels and this may be the reason for the airway blood flow, how after Cigarette smoke as tobacco contains high concentration of NO
[FONT="][12][/FONT]. [/FONT]
[FONT="]Three of the more important reactions in daylight conditions linking NO2, NO, and O3 at the concentration generally observed in the atmosphere are [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] NO2 –→ NO + O Ǿka = 0-25 hr1 I[/FONT]
[FONT="] O + O2 + M –→ O3 + M KA = 8.9 X 10-4 PPM-2 HR-1 II[/FONT]
[FONT="] O3 + NO –→ NO2 +O2 K1 = 1320 ppm-1 hr -1 III[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] The rate constants are given for 25º C and assume that the total pressure is 1 atom. The value of 2ka will depend on the amount of sunlight present; they are felt to be important in establishing a relationship between the concentrations of O3, NO, NO2 in Sunlight present. They are felt to be important in establishing a relationship between the concentrations of O3, NO, and NO2 in Sunlight.
[FONT="][13][/FONT] Anthropogenic nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere mostly as nitric oxide; however, the conversion of NO to NO2 takes place within a few hours in urban environments. An estimated 48 Tg/yr of NO and NO2 (computed as NO2) are released to the atmosphere by man's activities.[/FONT]
[FONT="]
Both NO and NO2 are also produced by bacterial reduction of nitrates. Because it is readily oxidized to NO2, NO rarely reaches levels which are toxic to man. Highly toxic concentrations of NO2 (of the order of several hundred ppm) have been encountered in freshly filled silos with poor ventilation.[/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] Numbers of symptoms of photochemical smog have been attributed, in part, to the presence of ozone. In addition to its appearance as a secondary product of photochemical smog, ozone is formed naturally in the stir atmosphere by a series of photochemical reactions. The initiating step in the natural production of O3 is the photolysis of O2, producing oxygen
[FONT="][14][/FONT] atoms. These atoms react with O2, forming O3
[FONT="][15][/FONT] sodium hydroxides, settled down on the skin and penetrates in the nerves, resulting in bicarbonates dissolves and people gets Hb and iron deficiency,(Hb is nothing but alkali like Caustic) and the food they take with roasted oils works as a puller & packer towards the blood and the grease is never dissolved and floats in the blood, and taking away the heating elements of the oxygen, and form as cancer. [/FONT]
[FONT="]To dissolve this grease, the European, consume alcohol. But it never works what they thick are correct but the application is wrong. When the air in thick in Europe woven closely with Nitrogen + Hydrogen + Carbon, which form a chain of Na OH + CO2↑ N+H+CO2 . [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="] [/FONT]
Chemistry of Skin
In human body is activated by
Jupiter, Venus and Saturn creates Vatha,(
Nerves) the ether
Sun, mars, North and South Pole creates Pitha, (Bile) (
for eyesight)
Venus and mars creates Khabha. (
Lubricating Joints.)
[FONT="][16][/FONT].
Here the Mercury can also be pointed out as air, the wind. The planet responsible for the wind is Mercury, which transforms the rasa vibrations in the form of air through skin follicle.
The non protein constituents of the skin have received for less attention in both medical and leather research. Unfortunately, many of the findings of medical research are limited in their importance because of experimental planning and insufficient generality of the data support the interpretation of the results. The leather chemist must relay to a substantial degree on their findings for an up to date presentation of this phase of skin composition.
When a medicine is tested on mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, frogs and other animal, the scientists absorb the behavior of the internal organs. But they fail to notice or absorb the changes in the skin pattern. They pay less attention to make, or to study the skin pattern before applying the medicine / chemical and after injecting a chemical / medicine. They directly go into the tissues and psychology of the animal.
[FONT="][1][/FONT] ) Subhash Kapoor, Ancient Indian Science Vol III Cosmo Publications, New Delhi 2003 p-746
[FONT="][2][/FONT] ) Ajit Mookarjee and Madhu Khanna, Tantric Way, Art, Science and Ritual, New York Graphic
Society, Boston 1977 p-107
[FONT="][3][/FONT] ) K.S.Subramanya sastry, Ed., Mayamatam (Sanskrit), Sarasvathi Mahal Library, Tanjore 1966,
Adyyaya V pp-20-22; ) Subhash Kapoor, Ancient Indian Science Vol III Cosmo Publications,
New Delhi 2003 p- 746
[FONT="][4][/FONT] ) ) Subhash Kapoor, Ancient Indian Science Vol III Cosmo Publications, New Delhi 2003 p-746
[FONT="][5][/FONT]) M.A.Ananthalwar, Indian Architecture Vol I Indian Book Gallery, New Delhi 1998 pp-46-47
[FONT="][6][/FONT] ) Ajit Mookarjee and Madhu Khanna, Tantric Way, Art, Science and Ritual, New York Graphic
Society, Boston 1977 p-114
[FONT="][7][/FONT] ) Ajit Mookarjee and Madhu Khanna, Tantric Way, Art, Science and Ritual, New York Graphic
Society, Boston 1977 p p-116
[FONT="][8][/FONT] ) Samuel S Butcher, Introduction to Air Chemistry, Academic Press, New York p-85
[FONT="][9][/FONT] ) Samuel S.Butcher, Introduction to Air Chemistry, Academic Press, Newyork 1972 pp-4-5
[FONT="][10][/FONT] ) Samuel S.Butcher, Introduction to Air Chemistry, Academic Press, Newyork 1972 p-115
[FONT="][11][/FONT] ) Samuel S.Butcher, Introduction to Air Chemistry, Academic Press, Newyork 1972 p-116
[FONT="][12][/FONT] ) P.S.Shankar,Ed., Medicine is a science, V.K. Vijayan, Nitric Oxide and Lung, Akshara, Madras,
U.S.Vitamins (India) Ltd., Bombay 1995 pp-396-399
[FONT="][13][/FONT] ) Samuel S.Butcher, Introduction to Air Chemistry, Academic Press, Newyork 1972 p-117
[FONT="][14][/FONT] ) Samuel S.Butcher, Introduction to Air Chemistry, Academic Press, Newyork 1972 p-121
[FONT="][15][/FONT] ) Samuel S.Butcher, Introduction to Air Chemistry, Academic Press, Newyork 1972 p- 122
[FONT="][16][/FONT] ) Rama Iyengar, Kudumbha Jodhidam Tr Tamil, Little Flower Co, Chennai 1992 p-13
View attachment Fig 26.pdf